<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062d\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0637\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u2013 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n
\u201d \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 30 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0640\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0640\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0640\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0640\u0647.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0647\u060c<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0640\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0640\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0640\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 30 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0626\u0640\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0644\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0640\u0631\u0629 (\u0648) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0640\u064a:<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0640\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0640\u0631\u064c\u0651 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0629\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 15 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0640\u064a:<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0640\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0640\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0640\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0640\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0640\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0640\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0640\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0640\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0640\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0640\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0637\u0628\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u063a\u0635\u0628\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0640\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0636\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0640\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0642\u0640\u0645 2\/97 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 12\/9\/1997 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0640\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0640\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0640\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0640\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4\/2000 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 22\/6\/2000:<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0640\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0647\u0640\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0636 \u0639\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0644\u201d<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0646\u0640\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 10\/12\/1948 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0646 17 \u064830 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0640\u064a:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 17 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n
\u201c1- \u0644\u0643\u0640\u0644 \u0641\u0640\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0640\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0640\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0640\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u062a\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n
\u201c2- \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0640\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0640\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u0640\u0627\u064b\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 30 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0646\u0640\u0635\u064d\u0651 \u064a\u062c\u0640\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0640\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0640\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u0623\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u062d\u0640\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0646\u0634\u0640\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0641\u0639\u0640\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0640\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0640\u0647\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 690 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0640\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0640\u064a:<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0640\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0640\u0647:<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0640\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0640\u0631\u0649\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0640\u062c \u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0640\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0640\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0640\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f \u064a\u0640\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0643\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0640\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0640\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0640\u0635 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0640\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0640\u0642 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0640\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0640\u0647<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 137 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u0640\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0640\u0644 \u0643\u0640\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0640\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0640\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0640\u0627\u064b\u2026<\/p>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0640\u0645 10 \u2013 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0640\u064a \u2013 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 13 \u0634\u0628\u0640\u0627\u0637 1997. \u062f\u0639\u0640\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0636\u0640\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0640\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u0640\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0645 1997\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 161.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0646\u0636\u064a\u0640\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0640\u0647 \u0643\u0640\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0640\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0640\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0640\u0648 \u0636\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0640\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0640\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0646\u0651\u0640\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0640\u062d \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631:<\/p>\n
L\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9terminer la proportion dans laquelle chaque faute a concouru au dommage revient \u00e0 constater que le dommage, produit par l\u2019ensemble des fautes, est indivisible, car le dommage n\u2019est indivisible que parce qu\u2019il est produit par chaque faute pour le tout.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Que chacune de ces fautes a concouru \u00e0 produire l\u2019entier dommage, qu\u2019elles sont, par cons\u00e9quent, indivisibles, et qu\u2019il est impossible de distinguer la part de chacun des d\u00e9fendeurs dans la responsabilit\u00e9 commune.<\/p>\n
Req. 2 Juin 1930. Dalloz Hebdomadaire 1930 Page 377.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Adde, dans le m\u00eame sens:<\/p>\n
C\u2019est \u00e0 bon droit que l\u2019arr\u00eat \u00e9nonce que la faute de D. a concouru. D\u2019une mani\u00e8re indivisible, \u00e0 produire l\u2019entier dommage.<\/p>\n
Cass. civ. 7 Octobre 1958. Dalloz 1958. Page 763.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
De m\u00eame:<\/p>\n
\u2026 L\u2019arr\u00eat attaqu\u00e9 a pu d\u00e9duire, \u00e0 bon droit, de ces constatations, que les fautes commises par les deux entrepreneurs \u00e9taient indivisibles dans leurs cons\u00e9quences.<\/p>\n
Cass. civ. 9 Novembre 1960. Gaz. Pal. 1961-1-83.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0640\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0640\u062c \u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0640\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0651 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0640\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f \u064a\u0640\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0643\u0640\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0640\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0640\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0640\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0640\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0640\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u201c\u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f \u0646\u0640\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0640\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0640\u0627\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u062f\u062f:<\/p>\n
P. Durand les conventions d\u2019irresponsabilit\u00e9. Th\u00e8se. Paris.<\/p>\n
P. Robino : les conventions d\u2019irresponsabilit\u00e9 dans la doctrine contemporaine. Revue trimestrielle de droit civil. 1951. Pages 1 et suiv.<\/p>\n
Boris Starck : Observations sur le r\u00e9gime juridique des clauses de non responsabilit\u00e9 ou limitatives de responsabilit\u00e9. Dalloz-Sirey 1974. Chronique. Pages 157 et suiv.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0640\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0640\u0629 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0640\u0631\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0640\u0647 \u062c\u0640\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0640\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0640\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b: \u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u0640\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0629\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0640\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0640\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0640\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0640\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0640\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0640\u0629:<\/p>\n
La nullit\u00e9 des clauses d\u2019exon\u00e9ration de responsabilit\u00e9 en cas de faute intentionnelle ou lourde s\u2019\u00e9tend \u00e0 la faute du pr\u00e9pos\u00e9 ; le commettant \u00e9tant substitu\u00e9 au pr\u00e9pos\u00e9, la faute du pr\u00e9pos\u00e9 est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme \u00e9tant la faute m\u00eame du commettant.<\/p>\n
Req 4 Avril 1933. Gaz. Pal. 1933-2-83.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Adde, dans le m\u00eame sens :<\/p>\n
Cass. Civ. 21 D\u00e9cembre 1964. J.C.P. 1956-III-14005. Note 4.<\/p>\n
Cass. Civ. 5 Janvier 1961. Pal. 1961-1-270.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0640\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0640\u0635\u0651 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u0640\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0640\u0647 \u062b\u0640\u0627\u0646\u064d\u060c \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0640\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0640\u0647 \u0647\u0640\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0640\u0643 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0640\u0629\u201d \u0644\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0640\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0640\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0643\u0640\u0645 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0640\u0635\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0640\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0640\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0640\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0640\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0636 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0640\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0640\u063a \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0640\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0638 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0640\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0629\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0640\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0640\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0640\u062b \u062c\u0640\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0640\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0640\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0640\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0640\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0640\u0647.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0646\u0640\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0640\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0636\u0640\u0649:<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f\u2026 \u062d\u0638\u0651\u0640\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0640\u0631\u0649\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0640\u062c \u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0640\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0640\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0640\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f \u064a\u0640\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0640\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0640\u0627\u0646\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0640\u0645 47 \u2013 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0640\u064a \u2013 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 20 \u062a\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0632 1972\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0640\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0640\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0651\u0647. \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u0640\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0645 1972. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 355\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0640\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0640\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0638\u0651\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0640\u0629 \u063a\u0640\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0645. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0640\u0643 \u0645\u0640\u0631\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0628\u0640\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0640\u0623\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0640\u0629.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0640\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0644 \u0635\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0640\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u064a\u0651\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0640\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0640\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0640\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0630.<\/p>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 4 \u0634\u0628\u0640\u0627\u0637 1969. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0645 1969\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 798.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0646\u0640\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0640\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0640\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631:<\/p>\n
\u201c\u062d\u064a\u0640\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0640\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0640\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0640\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0640\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0640\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0640\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0640\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0640\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0640\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0647\u2026<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0640\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0640\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0640\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0640\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0640\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0640\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0640\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0640\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u0640\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0640\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0640\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0640\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0640\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0640\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0640\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0640\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0640\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u0640\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0640\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0640\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0640\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0640\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0640\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0640\u062b \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0640\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0640\u062f\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0640\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0640\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0645\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u201c- \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0649\u060c \u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0640\u0645 6 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 20 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a 1971. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0645 1971\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 585.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u0640\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0640\u0641 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0640\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0640\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0640\u0629:<\/p>\n
C\u2019est une n\u00e9gligence d\u2019une extr\u00eame gravit\u00e9, confinant au dol et d\u00e9notant l\u2019inaptitude du transporteur \u00e0 l\u2019accomplissement de la mission contractuelle qu\u2019il a accept\u00e9e.<\/p>\n
Cass. Com. 17 D\u00e9cembre 1951 Bull. civ. 1951-II-291.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0640\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0640\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0625\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0642\u201d \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0642\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0640\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0640\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0645 \u064a\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0634. \u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0646\u0640\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0640\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0640\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u201c\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0631\u064a\u201d \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0640\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e 24 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a 1950. \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0640\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0645 1951 \u2013 1 \u2013 150\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0627\u0632\u0648.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Adde ; dans le m\u00eame :<\/p>\n
La faute lourde, assimilable au dol, oblige son auteur \u00e0 la r\u00e9paration int\u00e9grale du pr\u00e9judice subi, sans qu\u2019il puisse s\u2019en affranchir par une convention de non-responsabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Req. 27 Novembre 1934. Dalloz Hebdomadaire 1935. Page 51.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
De m\u00eame :<\/p>\n
Cass. Civ. 21 D\u00e9cembre 1965 J.C.P. 1965 \u2013 II \u2013 14005.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0640\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0640\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0640\u0631\u0649\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0640\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0634 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0640\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0640\u0644.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0640\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0640\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u062f\u062f:<\/p>\n
La responsabilit\u00e9 institu\u00e9e dans les articles 1382 et suivants du code civil est d\u2019ordre public.<\/p>\n
Ainsi, doit \u00eatre prononc\u00e9e la nullit\u00e9 des clauses de non-responsabilit\u00e9 ou de responsabilit\u00e9 ou de responsabilit\u00e9 att\u00e9nu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n
Cass. Civ. 27 juillet 1925. Dalloz P\u00e9riodique 1926-1-5. Note Ripert.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Adde, dans le m\u00eame sens :<\/p>\n
Req. 27 Novembre 1911. Sirey 1915-1-113. Note Louis Hygueney.<\/p>\n
Appel Paris, 10 juin 1926. Dalloz Hebdomadaire 1926. Page 397.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0640\u0628 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0642 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0640\u0634 \u0639\u0640\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0647\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0640\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0642\u0640\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0640\u062d \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0640\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0640\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0628\u062b\u0640\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0641\u0640\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0640\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0640\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0640\u0628 \u0641\u0640\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0640\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0640\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0640\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0642 \u0628\u0640\u0644 \u0646\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0640\u0624\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0640\u062c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0640\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0640\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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